The earliest known audio recordings of Garhwali language were done in the monumental Linguistic Survey of India (LSI) led by George Abraham Grierson, a member of the Indian Civil Service and a linguist. Naturally, Garhwali was the official language of the Garhwal Kingdom. Until the 17th century, Garhwal was always a sovereign nation under the Garhwali Kings. However, since the 18th century, Garhwali has developed a literary tradition. Most Garhwali literature is preserved in folk form, passed down orally. One example is the temple grant inscription of King Jagatpal at Dev Prayag in 1335 CE. The earliest form of Garhwali can be traced to the 10th century, found in numismatics, royal seals, inscriptional writings on copper plates and temple stones containing royal orders and grants. Of these, Khas Prakrit is believed to be the source of Garhwali. Historically, in the Middle Indo-Aryan period there were a variety of languages called Prakrits. These alternate names of the language may have come from the speakers having more than one name for their language, or variant spellings and pronunciations of what is essentially the same name. Names Įthnologue has catalogued alternate names by which Garhwali is known such as Gadhavali, Gadhawala, Gadwahi, Gashwali, Girwali, Godauli, Gorwali, Gurvali, and Pahari Garhwali.
As per the latest 2011 Census of Languages in India, there are an estimated 24,82,089 speakers. According to the 2001 Census of Languages in India, there were 22,67,314 Garhwali language speakers, while Ethnologue gave a much larger figure of 29,20,000 Garhwali language speakers in a 2005 report. It is difficult to estimate the exact number of Garhwali speakers, as different agencies give different accounts of this number. According to various estimates, there are at least 2.5 million Garhwali migrants living in Delhi and the National Capital Region.
Garhwali is also spoken by Garhwali migrants to other parts of India including Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh. Garhwali is spoken primarily by people in Tehri Garhwal, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarkashi, Chamoli, Rudraprayag and Dehradun districts of Garhwal division in the state of Uttarakhand. 6.3.2.1 Conversion from voiced to voiceless consonant.6.3.1.1 Conversion to tenuis consonant or loss of aspiration.6.3.1 Allophones of aspirated consonants.
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